How I knit socks

After making several pairs I’ve converged on a technique that differs significantly from the patterns I started with, so it seems worth writing it up.

What you need

Sock yarn: I use a 4-ply yarn made from 75% Merino wool and 25% nylon. I’m slightly allergic to wool, but Merino seems to be OK (it’s lovely and soft). You need the nylon content, otherwise they wear out really quickly. A pair of socks in the smaller of the two sizes given here uses about 60g of this. A longer pair in the larger size uses 85g.

Needles: I use a set of 2.5mm double-pointed needles. I prefer KnitPro Karbonz, which don’t feel cold to the touch, and are just slippery enough without being too slippery. They come in sets of five. I find, however, that to make the gusset (the wide bit around the ankle) it’s much easier to use six needles. Unfortunately this means buying two sets, but spares come in handy sometimes anyway. You also need one ordinary straight needle in a slightly larger size, just for casting on. I use a 3mm needle for that.

Tapestry needle: You just need this at the end to do the Kitchener Stitch at the tip of the toe, and to weave the ends in.

Sizing, comfort and fit

The pattern here is based on a module size, which I’ve called n. Socks to fit me (average-sized female foot, shoe size EU 39 / UK 5.5) are done with n = 15. To fit my husband, a man with long feet (UK shoe size 11), I use n = 18.

Socks should have negative ease. This means they should be slightly stretched when you wear them, not loose. Also, it’s very important that the top of a sock is stretchy, because you have to get your whole foot and ankle through the top to put the sock on.

To make a sock stretchy I use a 2×1 rib for most of the knitting. However, I stick to stocking stitch for the sole of the foot (for comfort, because it’s smoother) and I use a slipstitch rib for the heel flap (for durability). I start with a tighter band of 1×1 rib at the top, to stop the leg sagging.

The method

This is a top-down sock pattern. I use ordinary knitting abbreviations.

Working top down makes it easy to try on an unfinished sock to make decisions about length.

The leg

Cast on 4n – 4 stitches (that’s 56 stitches for the smaller size or 68 for the larger one). Use a very stretchy cast on, and do it with a 3mm needle (one size larger than you’ll be using for the rest of the work). I use the Estonian (or Latvian) Double cast-on. Instructions for this are in Leslie Ann Bestor’s excellent Cast On/ Bind Off book, which I recommend. Using a suitable cast-on is extremely important. Socks that aren’t stretchy enough at the top are unwearable.

Join the stitches into a round, and start working on five 2.5mm double-pointed needles (so you have n-1 stitches on each of four needles, and one needle more to work onto).

Top edge of sock on four double-pointed needles
Top edge of the sock: the start of the 1×1 rib

Do about 12 rounds of K1 P1 rib to start with. The exact length of this ribbed section is a matter of taste, of course. At the end of this, increase by four stitches, evenly distributed around the sock (one for each of four needles). Now you have n stitches on each of four needles.

Change to 2×1 ( K1 P1 K1) rib, and continue in rounds till the leg is long enough. This length is also a matter of taste. For my socks, I like to make the leg about 40 rounds long (plus the dozen rounds of 1×1 rib at the beginning). My husband likes longer socks, so I do 60 rounds for his.

When thinking about the design, I find it really helps to consider the 2×1 rib as “K1 P1 K1” rather than “K2 P1”. If you do that, then you naturally place the repeats of the pattern symmetrically. Later on, when you’re doing the shaping, it comes out looking neater.

The heel flap

Leave 2n of the stitches (half the total) on two of your needles. You’ll be joining these stitches in again later, after you’ve turned the heel. You could put them on a stitch holder if you prefer, but I find with the Karbonz needles, which aren’t too slippery, I can just leave them sitting there. These stitches are the ones that will be at the top of the foot.

Continue working to-and-fro on the other 2n stitches, in slipstitch rib. It goes like this:

  1. (right side) [Slip one purlwise, K1] repeat to end
  2. (wrong side) Slip one purlwise, [P] repeat to end

Repeat those two rows n + 1 times (so that’s 16 times, or 19 times, depending which size you’re doing).

Turning the heel

This is the fun part. Continuing on the heel flap stitches, starting with the right side, do the following four rows:

  1. (right side) Slip one purlwise, Kn, SSK, K1, turn (leaving n – 4 stitches on the left needle)
  2. Slip one purlwise, P3, P2 tog, P1, turn (leaving n – 4 stitches on the left needle)
  3. Slip one purlwise, K to one stitch before the gap, SSK, K1, turn
  4. Slip one purlwise, P to one stitch before the gap, P2 tog, P1, turn

Then keep repeating Rows 3 and 4 until you have used all the stitches, ending with a wrong-side row.

To confirm this is working, check when you turn at the end of Row 1 that you have n – 4 stitches remaining on the left needle. Similarly, when you turn at the end of Row 2, you’ll have n – 4 stitches left. So the heel is symmetrically placed under the foot.

The gusset

Now we join it all back up into a round. This is the stage where I find it really useful to work with six needles.

You just finished the heel turn with a wrong-side row, so you have the right side facing, and you should now have just over n stitches on the needle (it’s going to be an even number of course, so for n = 15 you have 16 stitches at this point, and for n = 18 you have 20). The detail of what you do here depends on how tight you want the foot. When working with n = 18 I usually reduce the width of the sole of the foot to 18 at this point by doing two more decreases; for n = 15 I leave it at 16. In any case, start by knitting across those stitches (across what will be the start of the sole of the foot), putting in the decreases at the start and end, if you want to do them.

Next, pick up and knit n stitches, evenly distributed along the side of the heel flap. This is what will become the edge of the gusset at the right-hand side of the sock. These go on your second needle.

Now work the 2n stitches you had parked earlier, at the top of the foot, continuing the 2×1 rib pattern. This naturally goes onto two more needles.

To complete the round, pick up and knit another n stitches, evenly distributed down the other edge of the heel flap, heading back towards the sole of the foot. This naturally goes onto a fifth needle, which is why I think it works so nicely to have six at this point (five for the five sections of the round, and a sixth to work onto).

Now you have approximately 5n stitches (with a bit of fudging of the numbers at the sole of the foot). Do a complete round to establish the pattern, continuing the 2×1 rib from the top of the foot, and also doing the sides of the gusset in 2×1 rib to match, but keeping the sole in stocking stitch (K only), so that it will be smooth under the wearer’s foot.

Continue in rounds, keeping the ribbed pattern going, but decreasing by one stitch on each side of the foot on every other row. Make the decreases look pretty by being consistent about how you do them. I like to do them at the top of the gusset, using K2 tog at the right-hand side of the sock and SSK at the left-hand side. But there are several other ways to do this. You could experiment with having the decreases at the bottom edge, and using a different decreasing stitch.

Do that until you are back to 4n stitches (the same number as on the main part of the leg).

The foot

At this point I like to go back to the normal set of five needles. The two that hold the stitches that began on the sides of the heel flap now only have about half-n stitches on them, which is too few to work with. So I transfer half of the (approximately) n stitches of the sole of the foot to each of them, and we’re back to a symmetrical round based on four needles, with a fifth one to work onto.

Continue in rounds with no further decreasing until the foot is as long as you want it. I suggest you measure against a pair of socks that already fit the intended wearer comfortably. For mine, I make the entire foot (including the gusset) 62 rounds long (counting from the edge of the heel flap). For my husband’s, it’s 75. But, really, you should measure this for yourself. Most people have one pair of socks that fits them already.

The toe

Start at one side of the sock. Make sure you are in the right place, otherwise the toe won’t be symmetrically placed! Work in rounds as follows:

  1. [K1, SSK, K(2n – 6), K2tog, K1] twice
  2. K
  3. [K1, SSK, K to 3 stitches before the middle, K2tog, K1] twice
  4. K

Repeat Rounds 3 and 4, either two or three more times (it’s two more for the smaller size and three for the larger one). Then repeat just Round 3 (in other words, decreasing in every round) until you have just fewer than n stitches left (it has to be an even number, so for n = 18, stop when you have 16 stitches; for n = 15, stop at 12). At some stage during this, you might find it convenient to reduce the number of needles you’re using.

Finish the toe by grafting the ends (the modern name for Kitchener Stitch). This is well described online at Tin Can Knits, and in the Cast On / Bind Off book that I mentioned before.

Colours

For my green socks, I used a mixture of three different yarns; I alternated them more or less, trying to randomize it a bit while doing the first sock, and then copying what I’d done for the second one. For the heels, toes and cuffs I wanted an effect like the points of a Siamese cat, using the dark green as a highlight. However, I hadn’t enough dark green yarn when I got to the toes, so they are in one of the other colours.

I knitted the blue-and-magenta socks from a single space-dyed yarn that I bought at a craft fair a couple of years ago.

Two pairs of socks knitted according to the pattern given here, shown on my feet and my husband's
The legs aren’t tight at all, but we find they don’t sag or fall down in wear. When photographed, these had already been through the washing machine several times (though, of course, on the Wool setting and using a wool-friendly washing liquid, not ordinary detergent).

[Updated 6 July 2022 to clarify details of the heel turn and stitch count for the sole of the foot, and 8 Mar 2024 to add a link for the grafting technique.]

Importing legacy code from Subversion to Git

Atlassian has a very good tutorial on this. I suggest you read it first. Here is a simple example.

Install git-svn

A modern git installation may not include git-svn by default. On Ubuntu you can easily install it:

sudo apt-get install git-svn

Authors text file

To preserve the history readably, you’ll need to tell git svn the real names of the authors. There are tools to generate authors.txt, but for a small-ish team it might be easier to create it manually. Here’s a sample.

sarah = Sarah Woodall <sarah.woodall@mycompany.com>
otheruser = Other User <other.user@mycompany.com>

Subtree import recipe

This is how I imported a subdirectory of an old Subversion repo as a subtree of an existing Git repo, bringing in all relevant history with it. This assumes we want to import to the target repo’s default branch.

  1. Use git svn to create a temporary local git repo containing the data you want from Subversion
  2. Move the files into their own subdirectory
  3. Tag it: we’ll use this tag to define what gets exported
  4. Separately, clone the target Git repo, and move into it to do the rest
  5. Make a new subdirectory within it, as a home for the new subtree
  6. Export the files as they stand today (no history, just the files) from the temporary repo into the new subdirectory of the target repo
  7. Add and commit these new files to Git locally
  8. Bring in just the history, without affecting the files, by using git pull -s ours
  9. Finally, push the result
git svn clone --authors-file=authors.txt --trunk=mysubtree/ http://svnrepolocationURL/svn/mysvnrepo/
cd mysvnrepo
mkdir mysubtree
mv *.cpp *.hpp .cproject .project mysubtree
git commit -m"Moved mysubtree into own directory"
git tag -m"Tag current state of mysubtree ready for migration" MIGRATION_MYSUBTREE
cd ..
git clone https://myuser@myrepolocationURL/mytargetrepo.git
cd mytargetrepo
mkdir mysubtree
cd mysubtree
(cd ../../mysvnrepo && git archive MIGRATION_MYSUBTREE) | tar -xf -
cd ..
git add mysubtree
git commit -m"Initial commit of mysubtree, no history"
git pull -s ours ../mysvnrepo MIGRATION_MYSUBTREE
git push

Snag

My first go at the above (before I added Step 2) produced an error mesage from Git about unrelated history, at the “pull” stage. I attempted to force the issue by using “–allow-unrelated-histories”. This got the job done, but Git didn’t see the new files and the old ones as being the same, so the history, although present in the repo and browsable using Sourcetree, isn’t relatecd to the files (so “git log <filename>” doesn’t show what it should).

Old front page

It’s time to remove the word cloud from the front page, if only to stop people asking why Downham Market is so important to me (actually it isn’t, it’s just a place I passed though on a long walk more than ten years ago). Here it is, for nostalgia’s sake.

Words from my blog
See my blog for details

[Word cloud made using Wordle.]

Register to vote leaflets

It’s urgent to get people registered to vote before the election. Here are some leaflet designs that I’ve modified to add the important deadline dates. The originals were copied from https://twitter.com/sazmeister88 (I hope she doesn’t mind). I’m not proud of my edits, which were done in haste, but time is of the essence, so here they are in case anyone else can make use of them.

Register to Vote Leaflet page 1
Register to Vote Leaflet page 2

A plea to LibDems in Cambridge

Your publicity says that Brexit is the most important issue facing the country. I agree wholeheartedly. I have been campaigning with you against it.

Here in Cambridge we are sure to get a passionately pro-EU MP. The only realistic candidates are both of that opinion. I think the better choice is Daniel Zeichner MP because he’s a voice of reason within the Labour Party, and as an MP he can have the most influence on the leadership. You prefer your own man. OK.

But given the scale of the disaster facing the country, the question of who gets to be MP for Cambridge is just not that important. What matters is to win as many seats as we can from the parties who are set on steering us towards the edge of the precipice. We can all do that best by directing our efforts to other constituencies.

As a Labour Party member with experience of the party’s organizational techniques, I can be most useful in a place where there is a straight, winnable fight between Labour and the forces of darkness. The obvious choice for me therefore is Peterborough. So today I have contacted the secretary of Peterborough Labour Party and volunteered my services.

I urge you to do likewise: go outside the city and direct your efforts where you can make a real difference on the most important issue. Please give it some serious thought.

Update: the excellent Get Voting tactical voting dashboard from Best for Britain supports my view. It recommends “either Labour or Lib Dem” in Cambridge (and it notes the “current Labour MP’s excellent record on Europe in Parliament”). Meanwhile for Peterborough it urges a Labour vote, and in both South Cambs and South-East Cambs it recommends Lib Dem.

A drawing a day for 2019

I don’t draw enough, so I made a resolution to do one a day this year. I’m curious to see how the drawings change with practice. Here are the first five. I’ve put them on Instagram as well. Not sure whether I’ll publish the whole lot: scanning and uploading seems to be more fuss than just doing the drawings.

Fairphone 2 proximity sensor

I’ve learned the solution to an annoyance with the otherwise lovely Fairphone 2.

The proximity sensor wasn’t working properly for me. The problem seemed to get worse after I replaced the top module for a camera upgrade, but it had never been good. Taking a call almost always resulted in unpredictable weirdness—menu settings changing at random as I accidentally touched the screen, which should have been disabled, but wasn’t. Several goes at calibrating the sensor didn’t fix it.

A conversation with another user (there are other users!) gave me the solution. He pointed out that I was holding my phone in my left hand. Doesn’t every right-handed person? Apparently not. I’ve been holding phones in my non-dominant hand all my life, using the other to write notes or whatever, but it seems I’m not typical, and the proximity sensor on the phone is asymmetrically placed, at the top left corner of the phone screen.

So I have retrained myself to hold this phone in my right hand. Problem solved—it now works reliably.